Archaeological ruins at Mohenjo-daro, Sindh, Pakistan in April 2014. Photograph by Usman Ghani via Wikimedia Commons (CC-BY-SA–3.0)
The Great Bath
One of the most famous structures of the Indus Valley Civilization, the Great Bath is a name coined by archaeologists, as its original purpose and name remain unknown. Located in Mohenjo-daro, it stands as one of the earliest public water tanks in the ancient world. Built alongside wells, reservoirs, and bathing platforms, it reflects the central role of water in both daily life and possibly ritual practice.
While the true function of the Great Bath is uncertain, many scholars believe it was used for ritual purification, based on its watertight design and central location. Some historians draw connections to later Indian traditions that emphasize ritual purity, particularly in relation to the caste system. This has led to the theory that the Great Bath may have served as a communal ritual space, similar in function to a large baptismal tank.
• The Indus Valley Civilization (2600–1900 BCE) was one of the world’s earliest and most advanced urban cultures.
• Cities like Mohenjo-daro had grid-planned streets, indoor toilets, and covered sewage systems.
• No evidence of kings or temples suggests a possibly egalitarian society.
• The undeciphered Indus script and lack of royal monuments add to its enduring mystery.
• Trade with Mesopotamia and skilled craftsmanship in cotton, pottery, and beads show a thriving economy.
The civilization declined gradually, likely due to climate change and shifting rivers, but its cultural legacy influenced later Indian traditions.
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